Later Mughals | |
1707-12 | Bahadur Shah I |
1712-13 | Jahandar Shah |
1713-19 | Farukk Siyar |
1719-48 | Muhammad Shah Rangila |
1748-54 | Ahmad Shah |
1754-59 | Alamgir II |
1759-1806 | Shah Alam II |
1806-1837 | Akbar Shah II |
1837-57 | Bahadur Shah II |
Later Mughal Rulers | |
Bahadur Shah I | After the death of Aurangzeb, prince Muazzam, Azam & Kam Bakhsh fought in |
1707-1712 | which Mauzzam emerged victorious & assumed the title of Bahadur Shah I. Banda |
Bahadur who killed Wazir khanwas defeated by him. Was referred to as ‘Shah-i- | |
Bekhabar’. | |
Jahandar Shah | Later after Bahadur Shah’s death, his son Jahandar Shah came to power after killing |
1712-13 | his other brothers with the help of Zulfikar Khan. He made peace with the Jats, |
Shahuji & honoured rajput kings. | |
Farrukh Siyar | Nephew of Jahandar Shah, Farrukh Siyar killed him with the help of Sayyid |
1713-19 | brothers – Abdulla Khan (Wazir) & Hussain Ali Khan (Mir Bakshi). Farrukh Siyar |
tried to check the powers of Sayyid brothers but the latter got him killed & crowned | |
two princes Raffi-ud-Darajat, Raffi-ud-Daula in quick succession. Later they made | |
Muhammad Shah (Grandson of Bahadur Shah I) as the king. After his accession the | |
Sayyid brothers fell victim to the intrigue of Turani Amirs. | |
Muhammad | During his tenure most the independent kingdoms were established: Nizam-ul-Mulk |
Shah Rangila | (Deccan), Saadat Khan (Awadh) & Murshid Quli Khan (Bengal). Iranian King |
1719-48 | Nadir Shah invaded in 1739 on invitation of Saadat Khan (Awadh). The latter was |
imprisoned by Nadir Shah for not able to pay the promised ransom. Nadir Shah | |
took the peacock throne & the Kohinoor diamond with him. | |
Ahmad Shah | Son of Muhammad Shah. During his reign Ahmad Shah Abdali (claimed himself |
1748-54 | ruler of Kandhar after the assassination of Nadir Shah by Persian in 1747) |
repeatedly attacked. Later Ahmad Shah was killed & deposed by his own Wazir | |
Imad-ul-Mulk. | |
Alamgir II | Actual name Aziz-ud-din. Frequency of Abdali attacks increased. [1754-59] |
Shah Alam II | 1759-1806 |
Akbar Shah II | 1806-1837 |
Bahadur Shah II | 1837-57 |
Other Contemporary States | ||||||
Bihar | After Saadat Khan, *Safdarjung* became the king who was an impartial ruler & | |||||
carried out many reforms & was made the wazir of mughal empire. Shuja-ud-Daula | ||||||
succeded him to throne. He was also made the wazir of mughal empire but he sided | ||||||
with Ahmad Shah Abdali in the Third Battle of Panipat. | ||||||
Bengal | Murshid Quli Khan was an able ruler. Later his son in law Shuja-ud-din & his son | |||||
Sarfaraz came in that order. Sarfaraz was defeated by Alivardi Khan of Bihar. Later | ||||||
Alivardi Khan was defeated by Raghuji Bhonsle & forced him to surrender Orissa. | ||||||
After the death of Alivardi khan his grandson Siraj-ud-daula tool over who lost to | ||||||
Britishers under Lord Clive. | ||||||
Hyderabad | Nizam-ul-mulk Asaf Jah founded the state of Hyderabad in 1724. | |||||
Mysore & | Since the downfall of the Vijaynagar empire Wodeyar dynasty was ruling. But in | |||||
Haider Ali | the 18th century two minister Nanjaraj & Devaraj usurped power early reducing the | |||||
King Krishna Raj to a puppet. Haider Ali rose to become the Commander-in-Chief | ||||||
of the Mysore army & became the sultan after Nanjraj’s death. He was defeated by | ||||||
Peshwa Madhav Rao. | ||||||
Tipu Sultan | He defeated the combined forces of Marathas & Nizam in 1787 & soon after | |||||
claimed himself Padshah at Seringapattam. He attempted to reduce the custom of | ||||||
jagirs& hereditary possession of poligars (small chieftans). He was a staunch | ||||||
muslim. He donated money to hindus but later got the temples abolished. | ||||||
Travancore | Martanda Verma | |||||
Rajput States | Marwar (Ajit Singh), Amer (Sawai Jai Singh) | |||||
Rohilkhand | Area between Agra & Awadh. Muhammad Khan Bangash ruled who was defeated | |||||
by Maharana Chhatrasal of Bundelkhand with the help of Marathas. | ||||||
Sikhs | Ruler of one of the 12 Misls called Sukarchakiya. He with the help of his brave | |||||
commander Hari Singh Nalwa won Multan, Kashmir & Peshawar. | ||||||
The Peshwas | ||||||
1713-20 | Balaji Vishwanath | Shahu appointed him as the Peshwa. | ||||
1720-40 | Baji Rao I | Baji Rao I succeded who was the most charismatic leader in | ||||
Maratha history after Shivaji.He conquered Malwa, Bundelkhand | ||||||
& even raided Delhi. | ||||||
1740-61 | Balaji Baji Rao | Son of Baji Rao I Balaji Baji Rao (Nana Saheb – different from | ||||
the later Nana Saheb, adopted son of Baji Rao II) who defeated | ||||||
the Nizam of Hyderabad. The Maratha however received a | ||||||
terrible blow at the hands of Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1761-Panipat | ||||||
1761-72 | Madhav Rao I | Defeated Nizam, Mysore, Rohillas, Rajputs Jats. In 1771 he | ||||
confined the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II by giving pension. | ||||||
1772-73 | Narayan Rao | Short tenure. Tussle with Ragunath Rao over Peshwa claim. | ||||
1774-95 | Madhav Rao II | Became Peshwa after treaty of Salbai supported by Nana | ||||
Phadnavis. In the meantime Mahadji Scindia who had brought | ||||||
Shah Alam under his control became the actual ruler of Delhi till | ||||||
his death in 1794. | ||||||
1796-1818 | Baji Rao II | Incompetent son of Raghunath Rao (who was had earlier stuggled | ||||
with Narayan Rao to become Peshwa & sided with Britishers) |
Important Battles | |
1744-48 | First Anglo-French Carnatic war. Madras returned to British by the treaty of Aix-la- |
Chappalle. In battle of St. Thome, a small French Army defeated Nawab Anwar-ud- | |
din’s large one. | |
1748-54 | Second Anglo French Carnatic war. The French sided with Muzaffar Jang (grandson of |
Asaf Jah) & Chanda Sahib (in Carnatic) while the Enlish supported the claims of Nasir | |
Jang (son of late Nizam, Asaf Jah) & Anwar-ud-din (Carnatic) Initially the French | |
under Dupleix had success (& stationed officer Bussy at Hyderabad) but later the | |
English got hold. Treaty of Pondicherry signed. | |
1757-63 | Third Anglo French Carnatic war. French captured Fort St. David. Lally did the |
mistake of recalling Bussy from Hyderabad. Later the French were badly routed at | |
Wandiwash by the British under Sir Eyre Coote. | |
1757 | Battle of Plassey. British under clive & treacher Mir Jaffar routed Siraj-ud-daula. Mir |
Jafar was made Bengal but later replaced by his son-in-law Mir Kasim. He revolted & | |
was again replaced by Mir Jafar. | |
1760 | Battle of Wandiwash. French decisively defeated |
1761 | Third Battle of Panipat. Marathas defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali |
1764 | Battle of Buxar. Mir Kasim, Shuja-ud-daula & Shah Alam II defeated by Major Munro. |
Treaty of Allahabad signed which gave the diwani of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa & Bihar to | |
the Enlish & trading rights in Awadh. Shah Alam on pension of 26 laksh/annum. | |
1767-69 | I Anglo Mysore war. Both the British & Haider Ali returned each others territories The |
britisheres committed to help Haider against a third party invasion | |
1775-82 | First Anglo Maratha war. The British army was defeated. The humiliating convention |
of Wadgaon was concluded in which the company was required to give up all the | |
advantages of Treaty of Purandhar. Peace was at last restored by treaty of Salbai signed | |
between Warren Hastings & Mahdji Scindia whereby salsette & Bassein were given to | |
the British. | |
1780-84 | II Anglo Mysore War. In 1782 Haider Ali passed away due to illness leaving the |
struggle to Tipu. War concluded by treaty of Mangalore | |
1790-92 | III Anglo Mysore war. Tipu signed the treaty of Seringapattam |
1799 | IV Anglo Mysore war. When the subsidiary alliance was offered to Tipu Sultan he |
flatly refused & hence the war happened in which the Marathas & the Nizam helped the | |
Britishers. Tipu died fighting the war. | |
1803-1805 | Second Anglo Maratha war. Marathas defeated. |
1814-16 | Anglo Nepal war. War came to an end by treaty of Sagauli |
1817-19 | Third Anglo Maratha war. Marathas decisively defeated |
1823-26 | First Anglo Burmese war. Buremese defeated & conducted Treaty of Yandahboo |
1839-42 | First Anglo Afghan war. The Britishers were defeated. |
1845-46 | First Anglo-Sikh war. Sikhs defeated & Treaty of Lahore conducted |
1848-49 | Second Anglo Sikh war. Sikhs defeated & Punjab annexed to British. Maharaja Dalip |
Singh given an annual pension of 50,000 pounds & sent to England for higher studies | |
& later converted to Christianity. The Kohinoor was gifted to Queen Victoria. | |
1852 | Second Anglo Burmese war. English successful |
1878-80 | Second Anglo Afghan war. English suffered losses. |
1885-87 | Third Anglo Burmese war. English annexed Burma |
1919-21 | Third Anglo Afghan war. English though victorious did not benefit from the war. |
Important Treaties | |||||||||
Treaty of Pondicherry | After the II Carnatic war. Muhammad Ali, son of late Anwar-ud-din was | ||||||||
accepted as the Nawab of Carnatic. | |||||||||
Treaty of Mangalore | Signed between Tipu & British in 1784. Under this Tipu withdrew his army | ||||||||
1784 | from Carnatic & English withdrew theirs from the Carnatic. | ||||||||
Treaty of Seringapattam | After III Anglo Mysore war. Tipu had to pay heavy war indemnity & send as | ||||||||
1792 | hostages his two sons to the English. Half of his territory was ceded. He paid | ||||||||
the war indemnity & his two sons were released. | |||||||||
Treaty of Amritsar 1809 | Signed between British & Ranjit Singh in which the latter recognized their | ||||||||
rights in the Cis-Sutlej areas. | |||||||||
Treaty of Sagauli | After Anglo Nepalese war. The Gurkhas gave up their claim over the Tarai | ||||||||
region& ceded claim over the areas of Kumaon & Garhwal to the British. | |||||||||
Treaty of Lahore | After the first Anglo Sikh war. The territories lying to the south of river | ||||||||
Sutlej were given to the company. | |||||||||
Land Settlements | |||||||||
Zamindari System (19%) | Bengal, Bihar, Banaras, division of NW provinces & northern Carnatic. | ||||||||
90 % of the revenue went to government & 10 % to Zamindar (British) | |||||||||
Mahalwari System (30%) | Major parts of NW provinces, Central provinces & Punjab. Responsibility | ||||||||
of paying revenue was with the entire village or mahal. (Based on | |||||||||
traditional Indian system of economic community) | |||||||||
Ryotwari system (51%) | Bombay & Madras presidencies, Assam, Berar & certain other parts. Land | ||||||||
revenue was fixed for 20-40 years at a time (French in Origin) | |||||||||
Books/Articles & Authors (Modern) | |||||||||
Ghulamgiri (challenged superiority of Brahmins) | Jyotiba Phule | ||||||||
Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin (Gift to Monotheists in Persian) | Raja Rammohun Roy | ||||||||
Dharma Tritiya Ratna, Ishvara & Life of Shivaji | Jyotiba Phule | ||||||||
New Lamp for the Old (Series of Articles criticizing Congress) | Aurobindo Ghosh | ||||||||
Doctrine of Passive Resistance (Articles in Bande Mataram) | Aurobindo Ghosh | ||||||||
Indian War of Independence (seized by British) | V.D. Savarkar | ||||||||
Loyal Muhammadans of India | Sayyid Ahmad Khan | ||||||||
Tahaib-al-Akhlaq | Sayyid Ahmad Khan | ||||||||
Asbab-e-Bagawar-e-Hind (Held Bahadur Shah II as fool for revolting) | Sayyed Ahmad Khan | ||||||||
Neel Darpan | Dinbandhu Mitra | ||||||||
How did America get Freedom | Ram Prasad Bismil | ||||||||
The activities of Bolsheviks, The wave of the Mind, Colour of Swadeshi, | Ram Prasad Bismil | ||||||||
Revolutionary Life | |||||||||
Systematic History of Ancient India | V.A. Smith | ||||||||
Hindu Polity | K.P. Jayaswal | ||||||||
Political History of Ancient India | H.C. Raychaudhary | ||||||||
A History of Ancient India; A history of South India | K.A. Nilkant Shastri | ||||||||
Hindu Civilization; Chandragupta Maurya; Asoka; | R.K. Mookerji | ||||||||
Fundamental Unity of India | |||||||||
History of Dharmashastra | P.V. Kane | ||||||||
The Wonder That was India | A.L. Basham | ||||||||
Socio-Religious Reformers & their Organizations |
Atmiya Sabha (1815) | Raja Rammohun Roy |
Brahmo Samaj (1828) | Raja Rammohun Roy. |
Tattvabodhini Sabha (1839). Later merged with | Mahrishi Devendranath Tagore. |
Brahmo Samaj in 1842 | |
Indian national Social Conference | M.G. Ranade |
Harijan Sevak Sangh | Mahatma Gandhi |
Satya Shodhak Samaj (1873) | Jyotirao Phule (fight caste oppression) |
Shri Narayana Dharma Partiplana Yogama | Shri Narayan Guru (fight caste oppression) |
South Indian Liberal Federation (later became | T. Teagaraja & T.M. Nair (Self respect) |
justice party & then Dravida Kazhagam) | |
Prarthana Samaj (1867) | Atma Ram Pandurang |
Arya Samaj (1875) | Swami Dayanand |
Servants of India Society (1905) | Gopal Krishna Gokhale (Rejected Knighthood) |
Hindu Dharma Sangrakshini Sabha (1893 at | Chapekar Brothers – Damodar & Balakrishna. |
Nasik) | |
Abhinav Bharat | V.D. Savarkar |
New India Association | V.D. Savarkar |
Anushilan Samiti | Aurobindo Ghose, Barindra Kumar Ghose, B.P. |
Mitra, Abinash Bhattacharya & Bhupendra Dutta | |
Patriotic Association | Sayyid Ahmad Khan |
Muhammad Anglo-Oriental Defence Association | Sayyid Ahmad Khan |
Bahiskrit Hitkarni Sabha (1924) | B.R. Ambedkar |
Akhil Bharatiya Dalit Varg Sabha | B.R. Ambedkar |
Movements/Organizations | |
Aligarh Movement | Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan |
Deoband | Represented by Mohammad Qasim Nanautavi & Rashid Ahmad Gangohi. |
Movement | Nanautavi founded the ‘Dar-ul-Ullema’ madrasa at Deoband. This movement was |
strictly based on Islamic tradition unlike liberal Aligarh movement. The also | |
promulgated a fatwa against Sayyid Ahmad’s associations. In 1919, Mufti Liyaqat | |
Ullah Sahib founded the, ‘Jamaitul Ulema-i-Hind’ to further work in this | |
direction. His role was prominent in the Khilafat movement. | |
Muslim League | Nawab Wakar-ul-Mulk presided over a gathering at the invitation of Nawab Salim |
Ullah of Dacca. Muslim league was the result. The constitution of the league was | |
prepared in 1907 at Karachi. The first session of the league was held in 1908 at | |
Amritsar. The same year Aga Khan became the president. The league supported | |
partition of Bengal & was a loyalist organization. After 1913 Aga Khan left the | |
league which led to the emergence of new leaders like Muhammad Ali, Shaukat | |
Ali & M.A. Ansari. | |
Home Rule League | Estd by Annie Besant at Madras in September 1916. She was the president & |
other members included Arundale, P.C. Ramaswamy Iyer, V.P. Wadia. | |
Balgangadhar Tilak had estd another Home Rule League in April 1916 at Pune. | |
Champaran | European planters forced the farmers to cultivate Indigo on atleast 3/20 |
Satyagraha 1917 | (Tinkathiya) parts of their land. Rajendra Prasad, Mazhur-ul-Haq, J.B. Kriplani, |
Mahadev Desai accompanied him. An enquiry was set up to alleviate miseries of | |
which even Gandhi was a member. | |
Kheda Satyagraha | Kheda peasants refused to pay revenue due to failure of crops. After Satyagraha |
1918 | the government issued instructions to collect revenue only from those who could |
afford to pay. Indulal Yagnik & Vallabh Bhai Patel supported Gandhi. | |
Ahmedabad Mill | Mahatma Gandhi considered 35 % increase in salary as just. He undertook a fast |
Problem 1918 | unto death & the strike came to an end. Ambalal Sarabhai’s sister Anasuya Behn |
was main lieutenant of Gandhi here. | |
Rowlatt Act | In March 1919, the Britishers passed the Rowlatt Act according to which any |
Indian could be arrested on the basis of suspicion. A nationwide satyagraha was | |
organized which involved arrest of Mahatma Gandhi, Dr Satyapal, Dr. Saiffuddin | |
Kitchlew & Arya Samaj leader Swami Shradhananda (shoot if you can rally). | |
Jallianwala Bagh | Demanded to know the whereabouts of Satyapal and Kitchlew throught the |
Massacre | reciting of the poem ‘Fariyad’ on the day of Baisakhi (13th April, 1919). Martial |
law was proclaimed later at Lahore, Gujarat & Layal with curfew at Amritsar. An | |
enquiry was setup under Hunter. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his title. | |
Khilafat Movement | Sultan of Turkey was the Caliph. The allied powers were arrayed against Turkey. |
Mulana Abul Kalam Azad, M.A. Ansari, Saiffudin Kitchlew, Maulvi Abdulbari, | |
Hakim Ajmal Khan & the Ali brothers were prominent leaders. British signed the | |
Treaty of Tibers, partitioned Turkey & its Sultan was made a prisoner & sent to | |
Constantinople. | |
Non Cooperation | Approval at Congress session in 1920. Leaders like Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Annie |
1920-22 | Besant & Bipin Chandra Pal not in agreement & left the congress. Students took |
their names off school. Kashi Vidyapeeth, Bihar Vidyapeeth, Jamia Milia Islamia | |
were set up. No Congress leader contested for elections. Mass demonstrations | |
before Duke of Connaught & Prince of wales. Tilak Swarajya Fund was | |
established. Moplah rebellion was the ugly face. Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, UP | |
incidence led to its recall. Congress leaders like Motilal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das | |
formed as separate group within the congress known as Swarajya Party with a | |
purpose not to let the movement lapse. | |
AITUC | Formed in 1920 with Lotvala’s help. M.N Roy, Muzzafarabad Ahmad, S. A |
1920 | Dange & Shaukat Osmani led the trade unionist movements. The Britishers |
leveled the kanpur/Meerut conspiracy against them. | |
Swaraj Party | Suspension of Non Cooperation movement disoriented the leadership. |
Chittaranjan Das & Motilal Nehru were called ‘Pro-Changers’ & did not support | |
the non cooperation movement. The other group was ‘no-changers’ & included C. | |
Rajgopalachari, M.A. Ansari. In 1923 Das & Nehru formed the Swaraj Party at | |
Allahabad with a view to take part in the 1923 Council elections. The swaraj party | |
got clear majority in the Central legislature & Provincial legislatures except | |
Bengal. After the passing away of Chittaranjan Das in 1925 the party weakened & | |
further some of the leaders became corrupt. Therefore in the election of 1926 it | |
suffered miserable defeat in all the provinces except Madras. | |
Hindustan | Established in October 1924 in Kanpur by revolutionaries like Ramprasad Bismil, |
Republic | Jogesh Chatterjee, Chandrashekhar Azad and Sachindranath Sanyal. The Kakori |
Associaiton 1924 | Train Action was a notable act of terrorism by this group but trial prooved to be a |
major setback.However, the group was reorganized under the leadership of | |
Chandrashekhar Azad and with members like Bhagat Singh, Bhagwati Charan | |
Vohra and Sukhdev on 9 and 10 September 1928- and the group was now | |
christened Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). Bhagat Singh, | |
Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged in March 1931. | |
Communist Party | Was declared illegal in 1934. This ban continued till 1942 when there was an |
of India 1925 | agreement that the communist will support British in the war effort & sabotage the |
quit India movement. In a memorandum to the Cabinet Mission in 1946, they put | |
forward a plan for the division of India into 17 sovereign states. | |
Bardoli Satyagraha | In Bardoli district of Surat under Vallabh Bhai Patel. The government had raised |
the tax rate by 30% despite famine. | |
All India States | Formed in 1926 whose first session was held under the presidentship of the |
People Conference | famous leader of Ellore, Diwan Bahadur M. Ramachandra Rai. |
Simon | The purpose was the review the Act of 1919 after a gap of ten years. The 7 |
Commission | member commission was labeled ‘White Men Commission’. Huge demonstration |
under Govind Vallabh Pant at Lucknow & Lala Lajpat at Lahore. The report of | |
Simon Commission was published in May 1930. It stated the constitutional | |
experiment with Dyarchy was unsuccessful & in its place recommended the | |
establishment of autonomous government. It recommended special powers to | |
governor general & governors to look after the interest of minorities, | |
strengthening the centre, increasing electorate base on communal basis, | |
Indianization of defence forces, delink Burma from India & Sindh from Bombay. | |
The Indians rejected the report as it gave no regard to Dominion Status. It became | |
a basis for the Govt of India Act 1935. | |
Nehru Report, | Secretary of State, Lord Birkenhead challenged the Indians to produce a |
1928 | constitution that would be acceptable to all. A meeting held at Bombay set up a 8 |
member committee headed by Motilal Nehru & others included Bose, Tej Bahadur | |
Sapru, Sir Ali Imam, Shahib Qureshi, Sardar Mangal Singh, MS Anney & G.R | |
Pradhan. The report was placed before Congress Session in Calcutta in 1928 | |
where it was adopted unanimously. It recommended reservation for minorities | |
instead of separate electorates. Jinnah & President of Central Sikh league, Sardar | |
Kharak Singh rejected it. Later Jinnah convened an All India Conference of | |
Muslims & drew up a list of 14 point. Jawahar & Bose were not happy with the | |
dominion status. | |
Dandi March | Reached Dandi after marching with 78 handpicked followers & formally launched |
April 1930 | the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking the Salt laws. Many muslims kept |
themselves aloof but in the NWFP an organization of Khudai Khidmatgar | |
(Servants of Gods – Red Shirts) under Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan (Frontier Gandhi) | |
participated in full. | |
I Round table | Held under the Chairmanship of Ramsay MacDonald. Failed to resolve any issues |
Conference | as it was opposed by congress. |
Nov 1930 | |
Gandhi Irwin Pact | As per it Gandhi agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement & |
March 1931 | participate in the Second Round Table conference but most of the leaders did not |
like this pact. | |
II Round Table | At London. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India as no agreement could be reached. |
Conference 1931 | In January 1932 the civil disobedience movement was resumed. |
McDonald | The British PM Ramsay MacDonald made an announcement according to which |
Communal Award | the depressed classes were considered as separate community. Mahatma Gandhi |
1932 | went on a fast unto death in Yeravada Jail. An agreement was reached with the |
consent of Mahatma Gandhi & Ambedkar which came to be known as ‘Poona | |
Act’. The British government also approved it. Accordingly 148 seats were | |
reserved in different provincial legislatures in place of 71 as per communal award. | |
III Round Table | The congress once more didn’t take part in it. None the less the British |
Conference 1932 | Government issued a white paper which became basis for Govt of India Act 1935. |
Individual Civil Disobedience was launched in 1933 | |
Congress Socialist | founded in 1934 by Jai Praksh Narain & Acharya Narendra Deva within the |
Party 1934 | Indian National Congress. Its members rejected what they saw as the Communist |
Party of India’s loyalty to the USSR as well as the anti-rational mysticism of | |
Mohandas Gandhi. Although a socialist, Jawaharlal Nehru did not join the CSP. | |
After independence, the CSP broke away from Congress, under the influence of JP | |
Narayan and Basawon Singh (Sinha), to form the Socialist Party of India. | |
August Offer 1940 | Envisaged that after the war a representative body of Indians would be set up to |
frame the new constitution. | |
Individual | Started in October 1940. In it Vinoba Bhave, Jawahar Nehru & Brahma Dutt were |
Satyagraha 1940 | the first 3 satyagrahis. |
Cripps Mission | Viceroy Lord Linlithgow expanded is Executive council by taking five more |
1942 | Indians into it. The Indians were dissatisfied as it did not like the rights of the |
princely states to join or stay out of the Indian constitution. The demand for Pak | |
also not considered leading to Muslim league rejecting the plan. | |
Quit India | The fear of an impending Japanese invasion Gandhi launched this campaign. In |
Movement | the midst the government arrested all Indian leaders – Gandhi at Poona, others at |
1942-44 | Ahmadnagar fort. Rajendra Prasad was interned in Patna. The Congress Socialist |
Party whith its leaders like Ram Manohar Lohia, Achyuta Patwardhan played | |
important role. Communist Party remained loyal to the British. The Muslims by & | |
large remained indifferent. | |
INA | Captain Mohan Singh founded it in 1942. In 1943 he reached Singapore & gave a |
the cry of ‘Dilli Chalo’. He was made the president of the Indian Independence | |
League. The name of the brigades were Subhash, Gandhi, Nehru & Rani | |
Lakshmibai. In Nov 1943, Japan handed over Andamans & Nicobar Islands to | |
him. He named them Shaheed Island & Swaraj Island respectively. The army | |
marched towards imphal after registering victory over Kohima. But later Japan | |
accepted defeat & Subhas died in a plain crash after crossing Formosa Island. | |
C.R. Formula 1944 | To resolve the constitutional impasse Rajagopalachari evolved a formula in March |
1944. But it was rejected by Jinnah who would not settle without Pakistan. | |
Wavell Plan & | The main provisions were akin to Cripps mission proposals. It essentially dealt |
Shimla Conference | with the Indian demand of self-rule & reconstitution of viceroy’s executive |
1945 | council giving a balanced representation to the major communities. Executive |
council was an interim arrangement in which all but the Viceory & the | |
Commander in Chief were to be Indians & all portfolios except defence were to be | |
held by Indian members. Conference broke down because of Jinnah’s insistence | |
that Muslim league alone represented Indian Muslims & hence no non league | |
muslim members could be nominated to viceroy’s council. | |
Cabinet Mission | Pathick Lawrence (secretary of state for India), Stafford Cripps & A.B. Alexander. |
1946 | Jinnah stuck his demand for Pakistan. It proposed the formation of Union of India |
comprising both British India & princely states (only foreign, defence & | |
communication). A constitutional assembly was to be formed consisting of | |
representatives of Provincial assemblies & princely states, elected on communal | |
basis in proportion to the population of each province. Envisaged interim govt & | |
said that until the constitution is framed & the govt estd British forces will not | |
withdraw. The Congress & Muslim league accepted it in June 1946. | |
Elections | Following cabinet mission elections were held. Congress secured 205 out of 214 |
general seats & had support of 4 sikh members. The Muslim league got 73 out of | ||
78 Muslim seats. Jinnah became greatly disturbed by the election results. He | ||
demanded separate constituent assembly & started instigating violent action. Later | ||
16 August 1946 was fixed as direct action day to withdraw its acceptance of | ||
cabinet mission plan. Communal riots broke out in Bengal, United Province, | ||
Punjab, Sindh & NWFP. Interim government was formed with Jawahar Nehru as | ||
head& 14 members – 6 congress, 5 League, one each Christian, Sikh & Parsi. | ||
However Muslim league kept out of the Interim government. | ||
INA Trails | Held at Red Fort in Delhi. Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, Tejbahadur Sapru fought the | |
case on behalf of three senior INA officers, Shahnawaz khan, P.M. Sehgal & G.S. | ||
Gurudayal Dhillon led to their acquittal. | ||
RIN Mutiny 1946 | Indians serving in the Royal Indian Navy mutined. Around 5000 naval ratings put | |
up INA badges. | ||
Mountbatten Plan | Mountbatten came to India as Viceroy. He put forth the plan of partition of India | |
in 3 June 1947. Punjab & Bengla would be divided into two parts with muslim & | ||
non muslim majority. Baluchistan had the right to determine which side to join. | ||
The power would be transferred on 15 August 1947. Referendum were to be held | ||
in NWFP, Sylhet (to join Assam or East Bengal). Legislative assembly of Sindh | ||
was to decide whether to join India or not. | ||
Indian Independece | The British Parliament passed the Indian Independence act on 18th July 1947. | |
Act 1947 | Partition on 15th August. The act provided separate governor generals for the two | |
dominions. Abolition of the post of secretary of state for India. Pending the | ||
adoption of new constitution, the administration of the two dominions & the | ||
provinces would be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the | ||
government of India act 1935 though special powers of the Governor General & | ||
the Provincial governors would be ceased. Jinnah became the first governor | ||
general of Pakistan. | ||
Unification Drive | On 5th July 1947, Vallabhbhai Patel appealed to the Indian provinces to handover. | |
He followed up his appeal with a hurricane tour of 40 days in which he invited all | ||
the native princes to join the Indian union by 5th August. In Kashmir Hari Singh | ||
sent his PM Meharchand Mahajan with the signed papers for the merger. In | ||
Hyderabad the nawab wanted to continue his arbitary rule with the help of | ||
Rajakars. Finally after military action, Rajakars were expelled & the instrument of | ||
accession signed. | ||
Pondicherry & Goa | The other French territories were Karaikal, Mahe,Yanam & Chandernagore. | |
Chandernagore had acceded to India on the basis of a plebiscite. In 1954 all the | ||
French possession in India were formally handed over to India though the legal | ||
transfer took place in 1962. Operation ‘Vijay’ was carried out for the liberation of | ||
Goa when satyagraha failed in 1961. It became a state in 1987. |
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