APSC Prelims and Mains Notes, APSC Test Series
Fermentation Fermentation, chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically. More broadly, fermentation is the foaming that occurs during the manufacture of wine and beer, a process at least 10,000 years old. The frothing results from the evolution of carbon dioxide gas, though this was not recognized until the … Read more
Blood groups Blood group, classification of blood based on inherited differences (polymorphisms) in antigens on the surfaces of the red blood cells (erythrocytes). Inherited differences of white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes), and plasma proteins also constitute blood groups. English physician William Harvey announced his observations on the circulation of the blood in … Read more
Acid An acid is a substance which forms H+ ions as the only positive ion in aqueous solution. Examples:- Hydrochloric acid dissolved in water forms H+ and Cl– ions HCl —> H+ + Cl– Sulphuric acid dissolved in water forms H+ and SO42- ions H2SO4 —>2H+ + SO42- Nitric acid forms H+ and NO3– ions when dissolved in water … Read more
Magnetic keepers A magnet keeper, also known historically as an armature, is a ferromagnetic bar made from soft iron or steel, which is placed across the poles of a permanent magnet to help preserve the strength of the magnet by completing the magnetic circuit; it is important for magnets that have a low … Read more
Bio-fuel cultivation and extraction Biofuel is a type of fuel whose energy is derived from biological carbon fixation. Bio‐ fuels include fuels derived from biomass conversion, as well as solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases. Although fossil fuels have their origin in ancient carbon fixation, they are not considered biofuels by the … Read more
Importance of renewable energy resources Renewable energy are sources of clean, inexhaustible and increasingly competitive energy. They differ from fossil fuels principally in their diversity, abundance and potential for use anywhere on the planet, but above all in that they produce neither greenhouse gases – which cause climate change – nor polluting emissions. … Read more
P and SM (Preventive and Social Medicine) The name preventive and social medicine emphasizes the role of: Disease prevention in general through immunization, adequate nutrition, etc. in addition to the routine hygiene measures, and Social factors in health and disease. The name preventive and social medicine has gained wide acceptance in the past … Read more
Health Problems in India At the face of it, India is a booming economy and one of the fastest growing in the world. Yet, over one third of income is spent towards food and related consumption and hence, social security support for health, education, housing etc. becomes critical. However, over half a century post-independence, there … Read more
Conductors, semiconductors and insulators Materials are classified as conductors, insulators, or semiconductors according to their electric conductivity. The classifications can be understood in atomic terms. Electrons in an atom can have only certain well-defined energies, and, depending on their energies, the electrons are said to occupy particular energy levels. In a typical atom … Read more