The Vaishnavite movement, spearheaded by the saint-reformer Srimanta Sankardev in the 15th century, was a profound socio-cultural revolution that dramatically reshaped the landscape of medieval Assam. This movement, also known as Ekasarana Dharma, emphasized devotion (bhakti) to a single God, Vishnu, and sought to create a more egalitarian society based on spiritual unity.
Role of Srimanta Sankardev and Madhavdev
Srimanta Sankardev (1449-1568) was a multifaceted genius – a poet, playwright, dancer, musician, and social reformer. He challenged the rigid Brahmanical rituals and caste hierarchies prevalent at the time, advocating for a direct connection with God through naam (chanting of God's name) and bhakti. He propagated his teachings through compelling dramas, devotional songs (Borgeets), and by establishing Namghars (prayer halls) as community centers for spiritual and cultural activities.
Madhavdev (1489-1596), Sankardev's principal disciple and successor, played a crucial role in consolidating and expanding the movement. A gifted poet and playwright himself, Madhavdev composed numerous devotional songs and plays, further enriching the Vaishnavite tradition. He also established Satras (monastic institutions) that served as centers for religious learning, cultural preservation, and social service.
Key contributions of Sankardev and Madhavdev:
Simplified religious practices: They replaced elaborate rituals with simple devotional practices accessible to all, regardless of caste or social status.
Promoted social equality: They condemned caste discrimination and untouchability, advocating for the spiritual equality of all beings.
Developed Assamese language and literature: Their literary works enriched the Assamese language and laid the foundation for a distinct Assamese literary tradition.
Enriched cultural life: They introduced new forms of music, dance, and drama, contributing to the vibrant cultural heritage of Assam.
Establishment of Satras (Monastic Institutions)
Satras, established by Sankardev and his followers, were unique monastic institutions that played a pivotal role in the Vaishnavite movement. These self-sufficient communities served as centers for religious learning, spiritual practice, and social service.
Key features of Satras:
Community living: Satras housed monks (bhakats) and provided them with food, shelter, and opportunities for spiritual growth.
Religious education: They served as centers for the study of scriptures, propagation of Vaishnavite philosophy, and training of religious leaders.
Cultural hubs: Satras promoted various art forms like music, dance, drama, and crafts, contributing to the cultural efflorescence of Assam.
Social service: They provided education and healthcare to the community, and also served as shelters during times of need.
Impact on Assamese Society and Culture
The Vaishnavite movement had a profound and lasting impact on Assamese society and culture. It fostered a sense of unity and identity among the diverse communities of Assam, transcending barriers of caste, creed, and language.
Key impacts:
Social reform: It challenged social evils like caste discrimination and untouchability, promoting a more egalitarian society.
Religious transformation: It shifted the focus from ritualistic practices to personal devotion and spiritual introspection.
Cultural renaissance: It led to the development of a distinct Assamese identity, expressed through its unique language, literature, music, and art forms.
Community building: It strengthened community bonds through the establishment of Namghars and Satras, fostering a sense of collective responsibility.