Assam, a state nestled in the northeastern part of India, boasts a rich and diverse cultural heritage. Its art and architecture, influenced by various dynasties and indigenous traditions, offer a fascinating glimpse into the region's history. This article delves into the key aspects of ancient Assamese art and architecture, focusing on temples, rock inscriptions, sculptures, and early architectural styles.
Temples of Ancient Assam
Temples in Assam reflect a unique blend of architectural styles, borrowing elements from neighboring regions like Bengal and Odisha, while also incorporating distinctive local features. The earliest temples date back to the Gupta period (4th-6th centuries CE) and are primarily built of brick and stone.
Da-Parbatia Temple: Located near Tezpur, this temple showcases a square-shaped Garbhagriha (sanctum) and a rectangular Mandapa (outer gallery). Its sculptures and figurines exhibit a Hellenistic influence, reminiscent of the Gupta style.
Kamakhya Temple: Situated atop the Nilachal Hill in Guwahati, the Kamakhya Temple is one of the most revered Shakti Peethas in India. It is dedicated to the goddess Kamakhya and features a distinctive dome-shaped structure.
Negheriting Shiva Doul: Located in Golaghat, this temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is known for its intricate carvings and sculptures.
Siva Dol: This temple complex in Sivasagar houses three Hindu temples – Vishnu Dol, Devi Dol, and the main Siva Dol. It is an example of Ahom architecture, characterized by its unique dome-shaped structures.
Rock Inscriptions and Sculptures
Rock inscriptions and sculptures provide valuable insights into the history, religion, and culture of ancient Assam.
Rock-cut Caves in Bongaigaon: These five caves, dating back to the Salastambha period (9th-10th centuries CE), feature brick and mud masonry platforms. The carvings inside the caves offer a glimpse into the artistic styles prevalent during that era.
Sri Suryapahar: This site is known for its rock-cut sculptures of the twelve Adityas (sun gods). It also features a temple dedicated to the nine planets (Navagraha), highlighting the importance of celestial deities in ancient Assamese beliefs.
Early Architectural Styles
The early architectural styles of Assam were influenced by various factors, including the region's geography, climate, and available materials.
Gupta Influence: The earliest temples in Assam show a strong Gupta influence, characterized by the use of brick and stone, square-shaped Garbhagrihas, and intricate carvings.
Ahom Style: The Ahom dynasty (13th-19th centuries CE) introduced a distinctive architectural style, featuring dome-shaped structures, often built on raised platforms. These temples were typically constructed using brick and wood, with intricate carvings and decorative elements.
Indigenous Influences: The indigenous communities of Assam also contributed to the region's architectural heritage. Their traditional houses, often built on stilts, reflect an adaptation to the local environment and showcase unique construction techniques using bamboo and thatch.