EMPLOYMENT
- As per Employment-Unemployment Survey (by NSSO) of 2011-12 (latest available), total workforce employed stands at 47.36 crore; with 23.16 crore in agriculture and 24.2 crore in industry and services
- According to the fifth Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey (EUS) conducted between April and December 2015, 83% of the workers in India were self-employed, casual or contract workers.
- As per Economic Census, 2013-14 (latest available), total workforce employed in all establishments stands at 13.1 crore. Further, own-account enterprises (OAEs), which do not employ any regular workers, and enterprises with < 10 workers together accounted for almost 79% of India’s workforce
- Beginning from 2017-18, the NSSO has launched periodic labour force surveys (PLFS) to produce annual estimates of formal employment in the economy. This would also help India to meet the IMF’s Special Data Dissemination Standards (SDDS) for releasing quarterly data on macroeconomic indicators
- In April 2018, for the first time, India released report on monthly payroll for the formal sector to facilitate analysis of new and continuing employment, based on EPFO’s, ESIC’s and (NPS) PFRDA’s payroll data and subscriptions. The period between September, 2017 and February, 2018 was covered and reported 31.10 lakh new additions across all age groups (those in the 18-25 age group, considered a proxy for new jobs, amount to 18.5 lakh). The payroll data from these three organisations would now be released every month (see box)
- Report of the NITI Aayog’s Task Force on Improving Employment Data was released in 2017 (discussed later)
- Committee under Dr. T.C.A. Anant, former Chief Statistician of India, is also examining various approaches with a view to reducing redundancy and avoiding duplication of efforts in estimation of employment through the establishment approach. It will also look into whether the monthly payroll data released by EPFO, ESIC and PRFDA can replace the quarterly enterprises-based survey on job creation by the Labour Bureau.
Features of Employment
- A study on the employment types and the living style of people gives an information on the following areas −
- National income
- Employment structure
- Management of human resources, etc.
- The study helps us analyse the different levels of employment and the levels of income generated by different sectors that contributes to the national income.
- On the basis of employment study, we can address the persistent social issues such as poverty, child labour, exploitation, etc
- When we calculate all the goods and services produced in a year, it is known as Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
- When we add all the earning of exports and deduct the amount paid for import, the final number is known as Gross National Product (GNP).
- If the export is greater than the import, then the GNP’s measurement is on positive side and if the export is lesser than the import, then it is on negative side.
Seasonal Unemployment
- Employment in India is multifaceted. There are people who are permanently unemployed; and there are people who are temporarily employed or temporarily unemployed (known as seasonal unemployment/employment).
- On the other hand, a task that requires only 5 workers to handle it, is being handled by 12 workers. This condition is known as disguised unemployment.
- Among all the workers of the country −
- 70 percent of the workforce are men.
- Three-fourth of the workforce is from rural areas.
- Women workers account to one-fifth of the total workforce (in urban areas).
- Population refers to a group of people living in a given area in a given time period.
- As per the 2009-10 data, about 39 persons of every 100 persons, are employed.
- In urban areas, the number of employed people is 36 per 100 persons, whereas, it is about 40 per 100 persons in rural areas.
- People in the urban areas are more literate, and they have more options to look out for a permanent job. This could mainly be the reason for this gap.
- The number of female workers in rural areas (25/100 women) is more than in urban (15/100 women) areas.
- The income of the male counterpart in the urban areas is high. Hence, the need for a female member of a family to go and earn does not arise,
- The disparity between self-employed workers and salaried workers is also high.
- In India, there are more number of men as salaried workers than women.
IMPROVING EMPLOYMENT DATA
Report of the NITI Aayog’s Task Force (released in 2017) made recommendations to create a 21st century statistical system in India for the generation of comprehensive employment, unemployment and wage estimates on a sustained basis. These include:
- Conduct of household surveys on annual basis.
- Introduction of time-use survey, that be conducted every three years (such surveys also help in measuring women’s participation in unpaid work).
- Use of technology for faster and better data collection, processing and assimilation.
- Introduction of annual enterprise survey using enterprises registered with the GSTN as 132.3s0 89.4 11.4 132.3c6.3 23.7 24.8 41.5 48.3 47.8C117.2 448 288 448 288 448s170.8 0 213.4-11.5c23.5-6.3 42-24.2 48.3-47.8 11.4-42.9 11.4-132.3 11.4-132.3s0-89.4-11.4-132.3zm-317.5 213.5V175.2l142.7 81.2-142.7 81.2z"/> Subscribe on YouTube
